Justus Mekiana talks to Bill Schneider about...

1) ...Grandfather's story Maptigaq--name\ Aattuuq--Grandfather according to Kobuk people\ Killigmiut--Killik people\ Narvaqvagmiut--Chandalar people\ Qagmaligmiut--Anaktuvuk people|

2) ...travel from area to area Ulumiut\ Itqiligmiut\ Itkillik people\ settlement size--25-30 people\ Killigmiut\ Narvaqvagmiut\ Anaqtuuvagmiut\ Qagmaligmiut\ Nigliq--place\ Nigliq--place in springtime\ Anaqtuuppaat--place after freeze-up\ Umiat\ Killigmiut\ Killiq\ Itqiligmiut--go through the Itqiliq\ Qagmaligmiut--go through Anaktuvuk\ Killiq--Iniqagligruaq\ Chandler\ Anaktuvuk--Anaqtuuvik\ caribou--lack of\ Qagmaligmiut\ Ulumiut\ Chandler Lake-miut\ Killigmiut\ conflicts--over land\ Killigmiut\ Nagu area\ Alatna--Indians\ Iñupiaq people\ conflict--Iñupiaq and Indians\ Kittillik--people that Justus is from\ land--shared by people of all areas\ Kitligmiut\ Ulumiut\ Anaqtuuvagmiut\ Nigliq--trading place\ dancing\ games\ Barrow people\ Nunamiut people\ Morry, Old Man--he and family\ Kitligmiu--grandfather is Kitligmiu\ Potter Island\ Herschel Island\ Libbey--family name\ Pearl, Charlie\ Courtney, Tom\ Morry, Old Man\ Morry, John\ Morry, Billy\ Morry, Peter\ Potter Island\ Colville River\ Itchugaq [Itchoak], Wilbur\ Kenton, Daniel--father's brothers\ Panniaq[Paneak], Simon\ Kakiññaa [Kakinya], Elijah Groovenstein\ Elijas\ Frank\ Killik--springtime\ Nuiqsut\ 1939|

3) ...following the caribou in the late 1930's Kobuk\ Maptigaq\ Mekiana, Homer\ travel\ caribou--following in winter\ ivrulik--sod house\ Kobuk\ Peter's Point\ itchalik--tuttu tent\ Bettles--men's school|

4) ...airplanes were rare and only one airline flew to the area Chandler Lake--1st airplane landing in 1944 or 1945\ groceries\ fox skins\ Bettles\ Wien, Sig|

5) ...people who traveled with grandfather and places traveled in 1940's Kakinya, Elijah\ Paneak, Simon\ Rolland, Frank\ Tulugaq Lake\ Anderson, Jim--Wien pilot\ wolf bounty\ Bettles--trading post\ Cessna 180\ Tulugaq--gathering place\ Suluuppaat\ Kitliq--place\ Morry, old man\ dogs--packing\ Aguk, Jesse--grandfather\ Puvlatuuq\ Qalutagiaq\ Ikiaqpak\ North Fork [Kivgaluk]\ Anaqtiqtuaq|

6) ...money made from hunting wolves wolves--pups\ money--bounty on wolf pups\ Imnavaich\ Sagvagniqtuuq--wolf pups|

7) ...how decisions were made concerning the set up of Anaktuvuk Pass, plus how firewood and other needs were acquired dog team\ stove\ willows--trees sought out for camp\ pilagaqusaaq--substitute for willows used in summertime\ camping--winter needs|

8) ...married life marriage--1953\ Anaktuvuk--Anaqtuuvik\ baby--1953\ Qalutagiaq\ sod house\ Morry, Old Man\ Rolland, Frank\ Ahgook (Aguk), Ben\ sod houses--new residence\ Sears Roebuck\ Chandler Lake--caribou\ Chandler Lake\ Ikiaqpak--caribou\ Qalutagiaq--winter residence before Christmas|

9) ...first white men that Justus' people met in village Anaktuvuk Pass--two white men come in\ Elsner, Bob\ Ladd Field\ Fort Wainwright\ Ahgook (Aguk), Bob\ Ahgook (Aguk), Jack\ Mekiana, Justus\ Aguk, Bob\ Aguk, Jack\ Morry, Old Man\ Bob and Jack--interpreted for white men|

10) ...the year the baby was born baby--1st born late October, 1953\ marriage--March 4, 1953\ license from missionary\ Barrow--missionary from\ log church\ Tulugaq\ Paneak, Simon\ Kakinya, Elijah\ Qalutagiaq\ Puvlatuuq\ North Fork--split up in winter time\ Puvlatuuq\ Uqquumalaat-- traveled here before school house\ school house--in Anaktuvuk\ Anaktuvuk--families stay because children must attend school\ trapping\ dog mushing|

11) ...how water was made Ernie Pass--where Daniel "got stuck"\ snow--not a good drinking water source\ water--processes for making|

12) ...memories of historical events in the area school house--1st one 1961\ Tulugaq--school\ Barrow--teacher came from to teach Tulugaq people before 1948\ Tulugaq\ Kitliq area--no school\ Maggaqtuuq\ Imaigñiq\ Hagen, Mr. and Mrs--teachers\ army tents-- (3) used for school house\ education--vs. other commitments\ summer school\ schoolhouse--coming in from Fairbanks or BIA\ Fairbanks--teachers|

13) ...first village council council\ population--57 to 60 people in Anaktuvuk Pass when elected first village council\ Rausch, Bob\ 7 council members needed\ Mekiana, Justus--council member\ council--current members\ Morry, Billy--president of council\ Paneak, Simon--vice-president\ Mekiana, Homer--secretary\ council--meeting in house\ council--talk about getting post office\ governor\ post office department\ post office--required college educated person to run it|

14) ...efforts to get a post office post office--Rausch, Bob\ council--needed before post office could be built\ English language\ Mekiana, Homer\ Paneak, Simon\ Rolland, Frank\ Homer, Mekiana\ education--length of\ books--dictionary, Bible, magazines\ Post Office Inspector\ father--Justus' father read and wrote English\ Mekiana, Homer--first postmaster|

15) ..the Church Barrow\ missionary\ Wartes, Bill--missionary, pilot, teacher\ Eskimos\ father--learned to read from church in Barrow\ church--gathered in tent to listen to sermon\ church--wanted to build church from trees \ construction materials--transportation\ Hunt Fork--area from where trees were brought\ chain saw\ Hunt Fork\ 40 miles\ Puvlatuuq\ logs--hauling\ dog sleds\ Nunamiut\ church--finished in one spring|

16) ...attempts at acquiring various facilities for the town Tanana--teacher\ governor--schoolhouse\ air strip--1960\ springtime--skis\ mail planes--delivery\ ice--thin\ plane--pontoon landing after ice goes out\ mail\ landing strip--shovel, pick axes\ Umiat--caterpillar\ wages--shoveling two dollars an hour\ caterpillar\ willows\ plane--Cessna 180 capable of landing\ Anderson, Jim--pilot\ Bettles\ strip-- lengthened for DC-3\ DC-3-- lands with blade for cat|

17) ...traders in Anaktuvuk traders--1951\ Qalutaq\ Anaktuvuk--Anaqtuuvak\ O'Connell, Pat\ Fairbanks\ grocery\ Anaktuvuk Pass\ trading\ store--started by O'Connell\ Paneak, Simon\ groceries--coffee, sugar, tea\theft--not a problem\ Anaktuvuk--Anaqtuuvak\ Mekiana, Homer--given the store to maintain\ Mounted Police--looked for O'Connell\ credit--gave villagers $200.00 credit\ Mekiana, Homer--died on Christmas Eve 1967\ snowmachines\ wolves--hunting\ Aguk, Jack|

18) ...message to young people, tourists and travelers National Park Service\ land--policy\ land--traditional use of\ boundaries\ restrictions--difficulties for Eskimo\ regulations--do not allow Eskimo people to survive off land\ Anaktuvuk--Anaqtuuvuk\ Qalutagiaq\ Ikiaqpak\ Ernie Pass\ lifestyle--changes|